This is because the Terminal Services Easy Print feature creates an XPS document that is sent to the client, and the client must add data to this document. But XPS doesn't support RAW data, so the call will fail. This behavior is a by design limitation in the Terminal Services Easy Print feature. Terminal Services Easy Print can't be used to write RAW data to a printer.
When Easy Print Doesn’t Print
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Keep reading to take full advantage of this seemingly boring and unappreciated little function. This tutorial will get you up to speed with using Python print() effectively. However, prepare for a deep dive as you go through the sections. You may be surprised how much print() has to offer!
Apart from accepting a variable number of positional arguments, print() defines four named or keyword arguments, which are optional since they all have default values. You can view their brief documentation by calling help(print) from the interactive interpreter.
Many programming languages expose functions similar to print() through their standard libraries, but they let you decide whether to add a newline or not. For example, in Java and C#, you have two distinct functions, while other languages require you to explicitly append \n at the end of a string literal.
print() is an abstraction over these layers, providing a convenient interface that merely delegates the actual printing to a stream or file-like object. A stream can be any file on your disk, a network socket, or perhaps an in-memory buffer.
Unless otherwise instructed, print() will default to writing to standard output. However, you can tell your operating system to temporarily swap out stdout for a file stream, so that any output ends up in that file rather than the screen:
By default, print() is bound to sys.stdout through its file argument, but you can change that. Use that keyword argument to indicate a file that was open in write or append mode, so that messages go straight to it:
As long as the countdown variable is greater than zero, the code keeps appending text without a trailing newline and then goes to sleep for one second. Finally, when the countdown is finished, it prints Go! and terminates the line.
On the other hand, buffering can sometimes have undesired effects as you just saw with the countdown example. To fix it, you can simply tell print() to forcefully flush the stream without waiting for a newline character in the buffer using its flush flag:
From earlier subsections, you already know that print() implicitly calls the built-in str() function to convert its positional arguments into strings. Indeed, calling str() manually against an instance of the regular Person class yields the same result as printing it:
The print statement is looking for the magic .__str__() method in the class, so the chosen charset must correspond to the one used by the terminal. For example, default encoding in DOS and Windows is CP 852 rather than UTF-8, so running this can result in a UnicodeEncodeError or even garbled output:
Such functions are, in fact, procedures or subroutines that you call to achieve some kind of side-effect, which ultimately is a change of a global state. In the case of print(), that side-effect is showing a message on the standard output or writing to a file.
Because print() is a function, it has a well-defined signature with known attributes. You can quickly find its documentation using the editor of your choice, without having to remember some weird syntax for performing a certain task.
Here, the log parameter lets you inject a callback function, which defaults to print() but can be any callable. In this example, printing is completely disabled by substituting print() with a dummy function that does nothing.
Unlike statements, functions are values. That means you can mix them with expressions, in particular, lambda expressions. Instead of defining a full-blown function to replace print() with, you can make an anonymous lambda expression that calls it:
However, you can mitigate some of those problems with a much simpler approach. It turns out the print() function was backported to ease the migration to Python 3. You can import it from a special __future__ module, which exposes a selection of language features released in later Python versions.
You now have an idea of how printing in Python evolved and, most importantly, understand why these backward-incompatible changes were necessary. Knowing this will surely help you become a better Python programmer.
Pretty-printing is about making a piece of data or code look more appealing to the human eye so that it can be understood more easily. This is done by indenting certain lines, inserting newlines, reordering elements, and so forth.
Dictionaries often represent JSON data, which is widely used on the Internet. To correctly serialize a dictionary into a valid JSON-formatted string, you can take advantage of the json module. It too has pretty-printing capabilities:
This is the same example I used in an earlier section to talk about function composition. It basically allows for substituting print() with a custom function of the same interface. To check if it prints the right message, you have to intercept it by injecting a mocked function:
The idea is to follow the path of program execution until it stops abruptly, or gives incorrect results, to identify the exact instruction with a problem. You do that by inserting print statements with words that stand out in carefully chosen places.
Even though sys.stdout.write() itself is an atomic operation, a single call to the print() function can yield more than one write. For example, line breaks are written separately from the rest of the text, and context switching takes place between those writes.
I currently have a Windows 2008 Terminal Server that's defaulting to the Easy Print driver for my users that connect with a local printer attached to their Windows XP machines. The Easy Print driver doesn't work correctly for this printer as half the time it just prints garbage instead of the actual document so I want to change it to use the correct driver.
The second seggestion of edit the domain GPO via the 2008 Server doesn't seem to work. While you can see the extra GPO setting for disabling the Easy Print driver and change it, if I then go and look at the GPO from the Domain Controller it's been added under the section "Extra Registry Settings", which says I might be able to correct this by updating the .ADM files used by Group Policy Management. (As far as I know there are no extra template files for this setting that can be applied to a 2003 Server). And it doesn't seem to get applied when I then log into the Terminal Server? Maybe I'm doing something wrong with this option?
The latest printer driver enables your printer to work fine. An old, corrupted, or missing printer driver would make you cannot print PDF files. Follow these to update your printer driver to solve your problem:
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